WHY ARE INFANTS FED MILK? Essential Facts Every Parent Should Know

MILK -

Milk: the first essential food for babies

The first food a baby receives after birth is breast milk. This simple yet remarkable substance plays a vital role in the survival and growth of newborns. But why is milk the main food source of young people? Let's jump into the attractive world of milk. It is essential for babies in the early stages of life, such as their ingredients, advantages, and science. Milk is a nutritious fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals. It is nature's way of ensuring that newborn babies receive the essential nutrients they need for growth, development, and immunity. The milk of each mammalian species, including humans, is specifically designed to meet the unique needs of its offspring, making it a complete, healthy, and easily digestible food for newborn babies. What are the characteristics of milk?

Milk is a complex liquid that contains water, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These components not only nourish but also play a vital role in the overall development of the baby. The mammary glands, specialized organs in female mammals, produce milk. In most mammals, milk is provided to the young through the nipple, or teat, which is connected to the mammary gland by a complex system of ducts.

All mammalian milk contains similar components, but the proportions vary widely between species. For example, breast milk is only suitable for satisfying children's needs in the development of children. Although it is less protein than milk, it is rich in serious fat and carbohydrates and is ideal for children's delicate digestive systems.

Components of Milk and Their Benefits

Milk is approximately 80%-90% water, ensuring that babies stay hydrated. The remaining 10%-20% consists of vital nutrients, each serving a specific function in the body:

1. Proteins

Casein and Albumin: These proteins are essential for the growth and repair of tissues and muscles. They are easily digestible and provide the building blocks your baby needs for rapid development. 2. Carbohydrates

Lactose: Milk sugar, also known as lactose, is the main source of energy. It also promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for strong bones and teeth.

3. Fats

Milk fats exist in the form of tiny droplets, making them easier to absorb. These fats are a rich source of energy and are essential for brain development and the formation of cell membranes. 4. Vitamins

Milk contains a variety of vitamins, including vitamins A, B, C, D, E, K, and niacin. These vitamins support a variety of bodily functions, including:

Vitamin A: Supports healthy vision and immune function.

Vitamin D: Essential for calcium absorption and bone health. B Vitamins: Support brain development and energy metabolism.

5. Minerals

Milk is rich in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium. These minerals play critical roles in bone and teeth formation, muscle function, and overall cellular health. 6. Antibodies

Colostrum, the thick, yellowish milk produced immediately after birth, is particularly rich in antibodies. They help strengthen the child's immune system, providing protection against infections and diseases.

The science of baby digestion

When milk enters your baby's stomach, it turns into soft curds. This process ensures smooth digestion and prevents disruptions that are often caused by fatty foods. The unique composition of milk ensures gradual and uniform absorption of nutrients, supporting the child's energy needs and growth.

Breast milk: the complete package

For breastfeeding to be effective, the mother's diet must be rich in essential nutrients. This ensures that breast milk contains all the essential nutrients your baby needs. A well-nourished mother transmits:

Essential nutrients: These promote the baby's growth. Antibody for immunity development: Protection of baby from illness.

For the first weeks after birth, the baby usually needs to feed every 3 to 4 hours, consuming about 600 ml milk every day. Over time, as the baby grows, the feeding intervals lengthen, and the baby may sleep through the night without needing nourishment.

Alternatives to Mother’s Milk

While breastfeeding is the gold standard, circumstances may require the use of alternatives. These include:

1. Cow's milk

Often pasteurized, diluted, and sweetened for infants. Cow's milk is a precious substitute but must be modified to meet the nutritional needs of a baby.

2 Formula milk

Mixing formula milk with water is a convenient option. However, it is important to practice good hygiene when preparing the bottles to avoid bacterial contamination. 3. Milk from other mammals

In various cultures, babies were fed milk from goats, buffalo, camels, sheep, and even reindeer. Each type has its nutritional profile but must be used with caution to avoid digestive issues.

Hazards of Improper Feeding Practices

Feeding an infant improperly can lead to serious health issues:

Bacterial Contamination: Unclean bottles can harbor harmful bacteria, leading to diseases. Too much condensed milk: Feeding too much formula or undiluted cow's milk can put strain on your baby's kidneys and lead to dehydration and the accumulation of unhealthy fats.

Transitioning from cow's milk to solid foods

During the second half of the first year, your baby will gradually transition to solid foods. This process, known as weaning, involves transitioning your baby from milk to a more varied diet. Feeding a balanced diet at this stage is essential to promote their continued growth and development. The role of breastfeeding in long-term health

Breastfeeding has long-term benefits for both baby and mother:

For children:

Reduced risk of infection and disease.

Improves cognitive development. You're less likely to develop allergies and chronic diseases.

For mothers:

You'll recover faster after giving birth. Reduce specific cancer risks such as breast and ovarian cancer.

Conclusion

Milk, especially breast milk, is a miracle of nature, and provides all the nutrients required for early development to the baby. It is not only a source of nutrition, but also the foundation of lifelong health and well-being. Although alternatives exist, none can truly replicate the unique composition and benefits of breast milk. Providing proper feeding and a balanced diet for both mother and baby is key to a healthy start in life.

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WHY THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA DOES NOT FALL?

LEANING TOWER -

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the most amazing structures in the world. Located in the city of Pisa, Italy, it is visited by hundreds of people every day. Very few people know the reason for its leaning. Made of white marble, this structure has walls 4 meters thick at its base. It has 8 floors and is 54.5 meters high and measure 15.8 meters around the bases. There is a stairway, which leads to the top and has 300 steps. From its top, it is possible to get a breathtaking view of the city and the sea, which is 10 kilometers away.

Now the question arises - what makes this tower lean and why does it not fall?
Plumbline from the top is meters away from the base, i.e. it leans over by 4 meters. If we drop a ball from its top, it would hit the ground 4 meters away from its base.

Originally, it was intended as a bell-tower for the cathedral, which is nearby.  Its construction was started in 1174 A.D. and completed in 1350 A.D. When the construction started nobody thought that it would lean, but it started leaning as soon as the third story was completed. The foundation of the tower was laid in sand and this may explain why it leans. Since the tower started leaning, the plan for its construction was modified and then the tower was completed. Since 1918, yearly measurements have been made. These measurements show that the leaning is increasing. During the last one hundred years, the tower has leaned another 30 centimeters.

But why does it not fall even while leaning?
According to science, anything will remain stable as long as the vertical line drawn from the center of gravity passes through its base. The center of gravity is that point where the whole mass of the body is supposed to be concentrated. Till today the vertical line from the center of gravity has been falling within the base of the tower. That is why it has not fallen. It is believed that when the tower leans further and the line from its center of gravity passes out of its base, it will fall down.

However, by using different new methods and techniques, engineers and technologists are now trying to arrest further leaning of the tower.

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WHY DO WE GET FEVER?

FEVER -

Fever is one of the most common health disorders that afflict humans. Have you given a thought to why this ailment is so common? The normal body temperature of a healthy person is 98.4F (37 deg.C). Fever is a condition in which the body temperature rises above the normal. It is a common symptom of some diseases.

The heat energy produced by the chemical reactions taking place inside the body is controlled by brain and skin. As long as there is no disease or malfunctioning in the body, the temperature remains at 98.4 deg. F. When germs of any specific disease attack the body, certain reactions take place in the body cells. As a result, the centers controlling the body temperature are affected and, the body temperature starts rising. This rise in temperature is called 'fever'. The first signs of fever are chills, loss of appetite and a feeling of weakness. The body temperature is measured with the help of a clinical thermometer.

Fever is a body mechanism that helps us in destroying the germs of diseases. During fever, some of the body organs start working fast and some physiological processes get accelerated.  The rate of production of hormones, enzymes, and blood cells increases considerably. These hormones, enzymes and blood cells start fighting the germs, causing the body temperature to rise. During fever, blood circulation and respiration become faster. Both these processes help the body in getting rid of the poisonous germs present inside. Fever is often the symptom of infection.

Persistence of any fever for a long period is not good. During fever, the internal parts get heated and there is a deficiency of water causing the contraction of the capillaries of blood and urinary tract. Protein accumulated in the body gets depleted. Disorder sets in, in the brain due to high temperature. It is, therefore, a big mistake to ignore fever and wait for it to pass. Though fever is a physiological activity aimed at fighting any disease, it is absolutely essential to seek immediate medical help once you get it.

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WHY ARE HEAD INJURIES DANGEROUS? Understanding the Risks and Consequences.

HEAD INJURIES -

The Importance of Protection Against Head Injuries :

In today’s society, safeguarding the most vital part of our body—our head—has become a critical priority. Whether it’s a soldier wearing an advanced helmet in war or a motorcyclist adhering to safety standards with protective gear, the emphasis on head protection highlights its essential role. Governments worldwide have implemented measures to minimize the risk of head injuries by mandating the use of helmets in specific activities. But why is protecting the head so important?

Anatomy and Significance of the Brain :

The human brain serves as the body’s command center, encased within the skull and shielded by a strong framework of bones. Despite this natural armor, the brain remains susceptible to injuries. Understanding the potential consequences of head trauma requires a thorough evaluation of the brain’s structure and functions.

Sections of the Brain:

1. Cerebrum:

   • The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions.
   • Controls memory, reasoning, emotions, and voluntary actions such as walking and speaking.

2. Cerebellum:

   • Located beneath the cerebrum, this part ensures balance and coordination.
   • Refines motor movements and ensures precision in physical activities.

3. Medulla Oblongata:

   • Situated in the brainstem, it regulates basic involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

The brain also governs essential sensory functions, including sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. This intricate network allows humans to interpret their environment and respond effectively.

Natural Protections for the Brain

The human skull acts as a durable shield against physical impacts. Beneath the skull lies cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which cushions the brain by absorbing minor shocks and preventing direct contact with the skull. While these protections are remarkable, they are not foolproof. A sharp or forceful impact can overwhelm these defenses, resulting in serious brain injuries.

Consequences of Head Injuries

Head injuries can range from mild concussions to life-threatening conditions. The severity and location of the impact determine the outcomes, which may include:

1. Cerebral Hemorrhage:

   • Severe head trauma can cause internal bleeding in the brain, known as a cerebral hemorrhage. If untreated, this condition can quickly escalate and result in death.

2. Memory Loss:

   • Traumatic brain injuries can damage the hippocampus, a region critical for memory formation. Victims may experience temporary or permanent memory loss, affecting both short-term and long-term recall.

3. Coma:

   • Severe trauma can disrupt brain activity, leading to prolonged unconsciousness. Recovery from a coma often depends on the extent of the damage.

4. Neurological Disorders:

   • Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Damage to the myelin sheath of neurons may lead to MS-like symptoms, impairing communication between the brain and the body.
   • Parkinson’s Disease: This progressive condition, characterized by tremors and impaired motor functions, may stem from chemical imbalances caused by head injuries.

5. Aphasia:

   • Injuries to the brain’s language centers can result in aphasia, a condition that disrupts speech production and comprehension, severely affecting communication.

6. Other Cognitive and Physical Impairments:

   • Brain injuries can cause chronic dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, and difficulty concentrating. In severe cases, victims may lose the ability to perform basic tasks and require lifelong assistance.

Preventive Measures to Protect the Head

Given the dire consequences of head injuries, prevention is of utmost importance. Here are some effective strategies:

1. Wearing Helmets:

   • Helmets significantly reduce the risk of head injuries during activities such as cycling, construction work, and sports.
   • Modern helmets are designed with impact-absorbing materials to provide maximum protection.
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2. Promoting Road Safety:

   • Adhering to traffic laws, such as wearing seat belts and maintaining speed limits, can help prevent accidents that often result in head trauma.

3. Implementing Workplace Safety Regulations:

   • Industries involving heavy machinery or hazardous environments should enforce strict safety protocols, including mandatory use of helmets.

4. Raising Public Awareness:

   • Governments and organizations must educate the public about the importance of head protection through seminars, advertisements, and school programs.

5. Technological Innovations:

   • Advances in helmet design and automotive safety features are essential for reducing the impact of accidents.

Long-Term Management of Head Injuries

For individuals who have sustained head injuries, timely medical intervention is crucial. Rehabilitation programs, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and psychological counseling, play a vital role in recovery. Family and community support are equally important in helping victims regain independence and confidence.

Conclusion

The human brain is the epicenter of all bodily functions and defines our very existence. Despite its natural defenses, it remains vulnerable to injuries with potentially severe consequences. By prioritizing head protection and adopting preventive measures, we can significantly reduce the risks associated with head trauma. A single moment of vigilance can spare you from enduring a lifetime of regret. Let us commit to protecting our heads and, by extension, our futures.

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WHEN DID PEOPLE FIRST USE MONEY?

MONEY -

Money has always fascinated man ever since ancient times. Money has come to become the most important thing in the world. Aristotle observed that man is a social being who establishes certain norms and regulations for his social interaction. The man employed money as a mode of exchange to facilitate such social dealings for his economical aspect.

In primitive societies, when people wanted to buy anything, they had to give something else in return for it. For example, if a potter wanted to buy rice from a farmer, he offered him earthenware in exchange for rice. The farmer would accept them because he needed pots. This was called the barter system, which involved goods in exchange for goods.

During those times goods served the purpose of money. But with the development of trade, the barter system could not meet the growing demands of a convenient exchange system for buying and selling. People started using the token or symbolic goods in exchange all over the world. American Indians used beads of shells, Fijians used whale's teeth and North Americans used tobacco in their exchange system. The Roman army men were provided salt for their services. But when was the coin first used as currency?

The precise origin of money in the form of coins is not clearly known. According to the available sources, the earliest coins were minted in about 800 B.C. when Indians who lived in Asia used stamped pieces of metal as a medium of exchange. Some believe that the Chinese used coins even earlier. Coins were preferred because they were easy-to-carry and durable. The early coins were of irregular shape and were stamped with rough designs. The money value of coins depended on the value of the metal that the coins were made of. Coins were mostly made of gold, silver or copper because they were precious and durable metals.

The use of paper currency was known to China as early as in the 9th century but it did not develop in Europe until the 17th century. The governments of different countries favored the use of paper currencies and coins to simplify the monetary dealings. It helped because what mattered was the money value printed or stamped on them and not their real value. This is because the printed value on the currencies denoted their purchasing power as assured by the government. People accept a coin or currency in payment not because they value the coin itself but because they have confidence in the authority that issued it.

As coins are heavy and bulky, larger payments are made in paper money issued by the paper legal authority.

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WHY DOES THE BLOOD GROUP VARY FROM PERSON TO PERSON?

BLOOD GROUP -

Even though the blood of all the human beings looks alike, in reality, it is not so. Our blood is mainly composed of red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles, platelets, and plasma. It has been observed from microscopic investigations that molecules of antigens found on the surface of red blood corpuscles are different in different people. Antigen molecules are a kind of proteins that stimulate the production of antibodies. It is this difference in the antigen molecules that give rise to different groups of blood.

In the year 1900, Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered two kinds of antigen - `A' and `B' type. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1930 for this discovery. Blood containing 'A' type antigen was classified as A group, while that containing 'B' type as B group. Subsequently, it was discovered that the blood of some people contains both A and B type antigens. This type was classified as AB group. The blood that contained neither A nor B type antigens was called O group. Thus the blood of all human beings has been divided into four groups. Studies made till now have revealed the existence of more than 200 groups of human blood.

However, as far as the transfusion of blood to any patient is concerned, only the aforesaid four groups of blood are important. Before transfusing blood to any patient, it is essential to get his blood group tested. It is very essential to match the blood of the patient with that of the donor before transfusion. It has been found that the blood of even real brothers and sisters may not be of the same group. On the other hand, the blood of two individuals belonging to two different states may be of the same group.

If the wrong blood transfused to the patient, he can die, because antigens of different classes cannot combine with each other. However, the blood plasma of one individual can be given to another because it is the same in everybody. Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener discovered another important blood antigen in 1940. This additional factor is called the Rhesus antigen or Rh factor.

Rhesus antibodies do not occur in naturally blood groups - both for recipients and donors. 'AB' group is called the universal recipients whereas `O' is the 'universal donor.

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WHEN DID THE FIRST ALPHABET APPEAR?

ALPHABET -

The origin and development of any language can be traced back to the rudimentary symbols the primitive people used in their verbal interaction. These symbols, when used over a long period, take an established pattern thus giving rise to a new language, But the growth of a language does not stop at oral communication a script for writing is also to be developed. But when did the first alphabet that enabled man to express himself in writing?

The earliest people used pictures for writing which we call pictograph. The stone age people used this form in their writing. In pictograph, a particular sign represents an object such as a tree or a bird which in turn communicates a specific meaning or idea. Ideas could be communicated through picture writing in the sense that the picture of a bird might mean flying.

The ancient Egyptians also used picture writing. But this form had its limitations. It required thousands of pictures, which were also called characters, to symbolize a few things. This drawback of pictograph led to the discovery of signs that represented sounds used in verbal communication. These signs representing different sounds were grouped differently to form new words. But when did the sound-signs first appear which we now call alphabet?

About 3500 years ago, the Phoenicians in the eastern Mediterranean, invented the first alphabet. Later the Greeks and Romans developed their own alphabet which were improvements of the Phoenician script. In fact, the word 'alphabet' is derived from two words alpha (a) and beta (b) which were the first two letters in the Greek alphabet. The appearance of the alphabet made it easier to create thousands of words using a few alphabets. For example, there are only 26 letters in English alphabet but just imagine how many words we make out of these 26 letters. Pictograph lacked this advantage since one picture represented only one meaning or idea.

Now, most of the languages in the civilized world have their own alphabet but the number of letters in the alphabet and their pronunciation differ from language to language.

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